Research News

When talking about sustainability, the ways in which a society generates energy are some of the most important factors for consideration. Eager to eventually replace traditional energy sources such as coal and oil, scientists across the world are trying to develop environmentally friendly technologies that produce energy safely and more efficiently. Among them, fuel cells have been steadily gaining traction since the 1960s as a promising approach to producing electricity directly from electrochemical reactions.

However, typical fuel cells based on solid oxides have a notable drawback in that they operate at high temperatures, usually over 700 °C. That is why many scientists have focused on protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) instead. These cells use special ceramics that conduct protons (H⁺) instead of oxide anions (O²⁻). Thanks to a much lower operating temperature in the range of 300 to 600 °C, PCFCs can ensure a stable energy supply at a lower cost, compared to most other fuel cells. Unfortunately, only a few proton-conducting materials with reasonable performance are currently known, which is slowing down progress in this field.

To address this challenge, a team of researchers, including Professor Masatomo Yashima from Tokyo Institute of Technology (Tokyo Tech) and Yusuke Nambu and Yoichi Ikeda from Tohoku University's Institute for Materials Research (IMR), has been on the lookout for good proton conductor candidates for PCFCs. In their latest study, published in Communications Materials, the team reported the remarkable properties of Ba₂LuAlO₅, a new hexagonal perovskite-related oxide that has provided interesting insights into proton conduction.

The team discovered Ba₂LuAlO₅ while focusing on finding compounds with a lot of intrinsic oxygen vacancies. This was motivated by the results of previous studies highlighting the importance of these vacancies in proton conduction. Experiments on Ba₂LuAlO₅ samples revealed that this material has a high proton conductivity in its bulk at low temperatures - its conductivity was 10^-2 S cm^-1 at 487 °C and 1.5×10^-3 S cm^-2 at 232 °C - even without additional chemical refinements such as doping.

Afterwards, the team sought to find out the underlying reasons for this property. Through molecular dynamics simulations and neutron diffraction measurements, they learned two important characteristics of Ba₂LuAlO₅. The first is that this oxide absorbs a lot of water (H₂O), compared to other similar materials, to form Ba₂LuAlO₅.0.5H₂O. This large water uptake, which occurs within two opposing layers of AlO₄ tetrahedra, is made possible by a high number of intrinsic oxygen vacancies in the hexagonal close-packed h'BaO layers. In turn, the oxide's higher water content increases its proton conductivity through various mechanisms, such as higher proton concentration and enhanced proton hopping.

The second important characteristic is related to how protons move through Ba₂LuAlO₅. Simulations revealed that protons diffuse mainly along the interfaces of LuO₆ layers, which form cubic close-packed c BaO₃ layers, rather than through the AlO₄ layers. This information could be critical in the search for other proton conducting materials, as Prof. Yashima explains: "Our work provides new design guidelines that open up unexplored avenues for the development of higher-performance proton conductors in the future."

The researchers expect to find other proton-conducting materials based on Ba₂LuAlO₅ in upcoming studies. "By modifying the chemical composition of Ba₂LuAlO₅ , further improvements in proton conductivity can be expected," comments Professor Yashima, "For example, the perovskite-related oxide Ba₂LuAlO₅ may also exhibit high conductivity since its structure is quite similar to that of Ba₂LuAlO₅."

Overall, the future of PCFCs seems bright and, by extension, so does the future of sustainable energy generation technologies.

Publication Details:

Title: High proton conduction in Ba₂LuAlO₅ with highly oxygen-deficient layers
Authors: Riho Morikawa, Taito Murakami, Kotaro Fujii, Maxim Avdeev, Yoichi Ikeda, Yusuke Nambu, and Masatomo Yashima
Journal: Communications Materials
DOI: 10.1038/s43246-023-00364-5

Press release in Japanese